Performance evaluation of rooftop photovoltaic integration using self-consumption and self-sufficiency indicators with IoT-based monitoring

Abstract

Indonesia’s energy transition has increased the importance of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, yet their integration with the PLN grid remains challenging because intermittent generation affects supply-demand balance and complicates the evaluation of local PV utilization. This study proposes and evaluates a low-cost internet of things (IoT)-based AC-side monitoring system for residential rooftop PV integration using an ESP32 microcontroller and PZEM-004T energy sensors. The proposed framework monitors three measurement points, namely PV output, grid line, and household load, and classifies the operating condition into export and import states. Based on measured historical field data, the operational performance of the system is assessed using the self-consumption ratio (SCR) and self-sufficiency ratio (SSR). The results show that PV generation dominates during daytime operation, whereas household demand becomes increasingly dependent on the PLN grid from late afternoon to night. Across the observation period, daily SCR ranges from 1.08% to 6.86%, while daily SSR ranges from 3.07% to 74.61%, indicating limited overall self-consumption but relatively strong daytime load support. These findings show that the proposed low-cost AC-side IoT monitoring framework can effectively quantify rooftop PV-grid interaction and provide a practical basis for evaluating local PV utilization and grid dependence under actual household operating conditions.